Nuclear energy is the energy stored within the nucleus, or core, of an atom. This energy can be harnessed and transformed into electricity, making it a valuable source of power. However, unlocking this energy requires breaking the atomic bonds holding the nucleus together, either through fission or fusion.
Fission occurs when the nucleus of a heavy atom, such as uranium, is split apart into smaller fragments, releasing enormous amounts of energy in the form of heat and radiation. Most nuclear power plants rely on this process to generate electricity. Fusion, on the other hand, involves combining lightweight atoms, like hydrogen, to form a heavier atom, also releasing substantial energy. While fusion is the primary energy source for stars like our Sun, practical applications for electricity generation are still under development due to the challenges associated with controlling such reactions.
To utilize nuclear energy for electricity generation, uranium is typically employed as the fuel of choice. Uranium is a nonrenewable energy source, meaning it takes millions of years to replenish once consumed. Nevertheless, it remains abundant, with reserves estimated to last for centuries. Once mined, uranium goes through a series of processes to extract and refine the specific type of uranium (U-235) suitable for nuclear fission. In a nuclear power plant, U-235 atoms are bombarded with neutrons, causing them to split and release energy in the form of heat. This heat is then used to produce steam, driving turbines connected to generators, ultimately creating electricity.
Nuclear energy produces minimal greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels, contributing to efforts against climate change. Additionally, nuclear power plants offer a stable and reliable source of electricity, unaffected by weather conditions or fluctuations in supply.