Scientists recently discovered that blood vessels in the brain operate under distinct and unprecedented regulations, challenging established knowledge about cerebral vascular systems. This groundbreaking research provides insights into how the brain maintains homeostasis and offers potential targets for treating neurological disorders.
The brain vasculature comprises intricate networks of blood vessels responsible for supplying oxygen and nutrients to neurons and glial cells. These networks consist of two internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and two vertebral arteries, forming the anterior and posterior circulations, respectively. Capillaries serve as critical junctures for fluid exchange, draining into venules organized hierarchically toward the cortex, ultimately exiting via dural venous sinuses.
Unique Regulations of Brain Blood Vessels
Recent studies reveal that the brain’s blood vessels obey unique rules, particularly regarding the penetrating arterioles. Unlike peripheral vasculature, the brain’s blood vessels lack external elastic laminas, while leptomeningeal arteries retain internal ones. Additionally, gray matter has more arterioles than white matter, proportionate to its higher energy demand. Penetrating arterioles are encased by pia mater sheets, creating potential spaces for fluid accumulation in white matter.