Originating from Eastern Central Asia, the Avars established a vast empire in the Carpathian Basin, ruling over a diverse population derived from the previous Roman period, Gepid, and Longobard kingdoms. The research, conducted by a multidisciplinary team, aimed to study whole communities by focusing on sampling all available human remains from four fully excavated Avar period cemeteries.
Methodology and Findings
The researchers utilized a range of archaeological, osteological, and biomolecular techniques to investigate the lifeways and origins of the Avar period population. Stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen was employed to reconstruct the diet of the individuals, while strontium isotope analysis was used to determine their geographical origins.
Diet and Mobility
The stable isotope analysis revealed a varied diet, with individuals consuming a mixture of C3 and C4 plants, as well as animal proteins. This suggests a combination of agricultural and pastoral subsistence strategies. The strontium isotope data indicated that the majority of the individuals were local to the Carpathian Basin, with a small number of individuals potentially originating from other regions.
Genetic Diversity and Ancestry
Ancient DNA analysis was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity and ancestry of the Avar period population. The results showed a high degree of genetic heterogeneity, with individuals displaying genetic affinities to both European and Asian populations. This reflects the diverse ethnic composition of the Avar Empire, which included various groups from the Eurasian steppe and surrounding regions.
Integrative Interpretation
By combining the archaeological, osteological, and biomolecular data, the researchers were able to provide a comprehensive picture of the lifeways, origins, and genetic diversity of the Avar period population in the Carpathian Basin. The findings highlight the complex and dynamic nature of the Avar Empire, which encompassed a diverse array of peoples and cultural influences.